Operations Management Assignment in Ritz Carlton Hotels Essay

Activities Management Assignment in Ritz Carlton Hotels - Essay Example Ritz Carlton thinks about that the furtive to productive quality administration remains to utilize effective staff which perceives the guests’ necessities and gives them quickly (Case Study, p. 301). In the neighborliness or administration care industry, quality is viewed as the extraordinary noteworthiness yet unfortunately up to now the spotlight has just been on readiness lead staff to ensure visitor fulfillment (Class Note 1 ppt, Slide 17). In the event that a client dwells at the lodging, his assessment of value is portrays by the unwavering quality, affirmation and sympathy. Ritz Carlton has arranged this appearing to be quality as its primary objective and furthermore for accomplishing it weights on consistency, veracity just as idealness. All these three factors all things considered lead to more prominent degree of consumer loyalty (Case Study, p. 302). At the point when these administration customaries have been settled the following step is to decide the estimation techniques for checking how well these customaries are being figured it out. The most significant issues looked by the administrations and accommodation industry in regard to executing TQM are distinguishing estimations just as procedure improvement methods that produce quantifiable information (Class Note 2 ppt, Slide 6). As a result, some estimation strategies have recently been embraced by various lodgings, for example, Ritz Carlton. Different cutting edge innovations are being utilized so as to get most extreme favorable circumstances or advantages by utilizing diverse robotized working just as security frameworks to various kinds of a mechanized reservation framework. In this specific circumstance, the Ritz Carlton has concocted more noteworthy easy to use devices and components so as to upgrade the current degree of consumer loyalty (Case Study, p. 302).1The inn i ndustry is relied upon to get a more significant level of value improvement even without utilizing diverse refined factual devices and methods which are commonly used by the creation and assembling ventures. Ritz Carlton, subsequent to accomplishing the â€Å"Baldridge award†, the association hasâ decided to bring down the process duration. This is the time robbery between perceiving the need of the client and fulfilling that need.â

The China Trade Act Of 2000 Essay Example for Free

The China Trade Act Of 2000 Essay The China Trade Act of 2000 was acquainted in Congress with permit unhindered commerce with China similarly as with other supported countries. Exchange with socialist nations was right now permitted uniquely on a year-to-year premise under the Trade Act of 1974, not at all like the lasting premise offered different nations. Numerous individuals from the business network, and afterward President Clinton needed this specification lifted once China joined the World Trade Organization, which was pending. This necessary a demonstration of Congress. Since Republicans normally favor enormous business, this partnered President Clinton (D) with numerous Republicans and against numerous individuals from his own gathering, just as worker's organizations. The president wanted to push this bill through before his term in office finished. Clinton assembled support for this bill by talking with many officials, either separately, in gatherings or by telephone. A $10 million promotion compaign, the biggest at any point, was propelled by the Chamber of Commerce and the Business Roundtable. There were numerous in the lawmaking body worried about allowing changeless facilitated commerce to China because of Chinas history of human rights infringement including strict abuse, refusal of political rights and work issues. The bill was shut to revisions and most Republicans upheld the bill. In any case, it was not satisfactory if there would be sufficient votes to guarantee entry of the bill. Sorted out work was the greatest adversary of the bill. Indeed, even Vice President Al Gore broke positions with the president and said the bill would just move American occupations to China. Huge companies campaigned intensely on the side of the bill. Senator George Bush and General Colin Powell were even approached to help persuade uncertain Republicans to help the Democratic presidents objectives. The bill passed the House without any alterations by a shockingly wide edge. The business network released an exceptional battle that was difficult for anybody to coordinate, said the leader of the United Auto Workers. The bill was then given to the Senate and quickly a few rivals of the bill started a delay. A cloture, motional requiring 60 Senators to cutâ off banter, was enacted and scores of corrections offered by Senators fizzled. The bill went without correction with a 85-15 vote. The procedure for entry of the China Trade Act of 2000 took around 1 year all the way. Supposition It is fascinating that a Democratic president campaigned intensely for a truly Republican stage. I am additionally happy to see that numerous from the two gatherings cooperated to achieve a significant objective. The procedure to pass a bill is a protracted procedure. Legislators and specific vested parties felt enthusiastic about his issue, making some split from their gathering arrangement, get positions together with the contradicting gathering, and anteroom intensely to guarantee entry of this bill.

Care given to a 15 day old baby with breathing difficulties Essay

Care given to a multi day old child with breathing troubles - Essay Example Additionally, the paper will remember endeavors to comprehend the fetal dissemination for connection to a neonate course alongside a clarification of arrangement of the most fitting treatment and care to Flora, just as to her relatives. Ultimately, the scientist will try to give an explanation of ways that a children’s medical caretaker can take to make a respiratory appraisal of an offspring of Flora’s age, just as evaluations of more established youngsters. Conversation On landing in The Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, the group took Flora to the revival room where they saw her having breathing troubles and a high heartbeat rate. Consequences of the underlying evaluation showed her to be at a high hazard; notwithstanding, it was regular as babies frequently stand up to respiratory pain and comparable signs and side effects because of undiscovered cardiovascular issues (Fergusson, 2008, 23-39). In this way, Professor Carley assessed Flora’s state of being and her conduct utilizing observational evaluation of her aviation route, breathing, and flow (Resuscitation Council UK, 2006, 1-10). It was observable that Flora had the option to move every last bit of her appendages with life, and there was no proof of paleness that could show hypoxia (Fergusson, 2008, 35-40). Furthermore, the group saw indications of endeavors for breathing and visual indications of downturn while watching Flora’s chest (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010, 29). The group additionally tuned in to the sound of Flora’s breathing, and fortunately, both nasal flaring and chest downturn were apparent. Crucial signs, for example, temperature, circulatory strain, beat rate, breath rate, and oxygen immersion were flawless and working (Federspiel, 2010, 135). Besides, the group took blood tests for testing, which uncovered that her kidneys were working in acceptable condition and she was not sickly, and also, Flora’s iron levels in her blood w ere ordinary too. The hemoglobin levels in her blood were acceptable, oxygenated cells were in sufficiently high numbers inside the blood to convey oxygen to all tissues around the body that was another acceptable sign. Likewise, the group completed blood tests to check PH unevenness and white cell tally, as when in high numbers, they could demonstrate disease (Harrison, 2008, 56-67). Subsequent to assessing every one of these tests, Professor Carley consoled Flora’s guardians by utilizing the word ‘safe’ while clarifying her quick condition. Specifically, Flora was at an age when heart variations from the norm are frequently regular. One reason is that in utero, the hatchling acquires oxygenated blood, and supplements from the placenta by means of the umbilical vein as characterized by Chamley et al (2005, 11-26), and the lungs are not utilitarian at this stage. During childbirth, significant changes happened to transform the fetal flow into that of a neonatal c ourse and before an infant can take in oxygen; her heart needed to associate with the lungs (Holmes, 2010, 12), and this progress empowered Flora’s body to dominate and start to work autonomously (Glasper et al., 2007, 30-55). Specifically, with each baby’s first inhale, the aviation routes open and the drop-in pressure makes blood hurry to the lungs to get oxygen, this oxygen arrives at blood, and along these lines,

International Social Work - Free Essay Example

International Social Work : Introduction to the Concept The concept of social work in the modern world has attained significant stature and its application in the culturally diverse societies is often stressed. Its relevance in the research area of disaster management is also worth mentioning. In the new era of globalization, the benevolence of the people to contribute to social good of the fellow beings in frustrating situations is to be appreciated. The relevance of social work and social activities has been recognized at international level and organizations such as the United Nations emphasize the need for the involvement of the various charitable societies and organizations across the world for socially useful causes. Addressing the needs for social activities at international level, various organizations and charitable societies have played their vital role in the recent crisis situations concerning the Tsunami. It is of foremost significance to have a profound analysis of the various factors contributing to the overwhe lming worldwide response to the crisis situation of Tsunami. The paper focuses on the critical discussion of various responses by the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW) and International Social Work Organizations to meet the needs of the hour. Relying on the applicable theories of globalization and social work, this paper concludes on the lessons taught by this natural calamity relating to the international social work. Tsunami: The Disaster of the Millennium In less than 3 minutes the room filled up with water and the unbroken waves were roaring inside the room smashing everything that was inside the room (A statement of Tsunami Victim, https://www.theaca.net.au/journals/ca_archive/ACA%20Mag%20Vol5%20No2%20Winter%2005.pdf) The AASW and other International Social Work Organizations provided all possible aid to the sufferers after the disaster Tsunami of December 26th, 2004. It has mainly focused on the physical needs in terms of food, water, shelter and me dical relief. This natural disaster took away thousands of lives and made the survivors homeless. Many lost their dear ones, especially children. They were desperately in need of emotional support and necessary support for developing their family again after this catastrophe. A primary assessment of these relief activities confirms the value of social work in the framework of the world with the theories of globalization. Families and Survivors of Tsunami Project (FAST) is initiated by International Federation of Social Workers Asia Pacific and supported by international organizations as a professional response to the crisis. (FAST) https://www.aasw.asn.au/adobe/news/FAST_outline_draft12012005.pdf The professional assessment of Social work and its strategy are indisputably goes beyond just physical relief efforts. They render their services to the survivors/sufferers for a longer term perspective to fulfil human and social needs for community/cultural bonding. Social wo rkers relief efforts are generally concentrated in the social and emotional rehabilitation. Thus social workers help in alleviating grievances of the people. The FAST project succeeded in capacity building and development of the Tsunami survivors, including society rebuilding. In such difficult situations the very notion of social work has its own significance. International Social Work draws together the practice of wisdom emerging within the broad scope of international social work practice. â€Å"(Pawar., and Cox 2008). Nowadays people consider social work as an international profession and many job opportunities have emerged due to the new concept. Though social work has a history associated with the origin of mankind, it was recognized now due to the extensive researches and analysis carried out by man through ages on the social work towards many international issues. The relief and rehabilitation efforts taken by many International Social Work Organizations like A ASW, IFSW and HRW are well appreciated by the whole world. In Indonesia, where the tsunami hit hardest, AusAID worked with the United Nations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to provide substantial emergency relief (Source: Australias Emergency Response to the Tsunami Magazine article by Alan March; UN Chronicle, Vol. 42, June-August 2005). They became a role model of every charitable society by showing their memorable and historic efforts in the process of systematic of rescue and rehabilitation efforts in the aftermath of Tsunami disaster. AASW: Working for a Noble Cause The constitution of AASW, the national professional representative body of social workers in Australia, has recently been amended this year and on-going through the latest constitution. It has seen society established in 1946 and started working for the welfare cause since 1989. As a member of the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW), the Company recognises that social work orig inates variously from humanitarian, religious and democratic ideals and philosophies, and that it has universal application to the meeting of human needs arising from personal-societal interactions, and to the developing of human potential (Source: Relationship with the International Federation of Social Workers AASW Constitution 2008, https://www.aasw.asn.au/about/FinalisedAASWConstitutionforASIC270608.pdf). The AASW affirms that their professional social workers, in association with IFSW members offer services to the socially, physically, economically very poor society for their welfare and self-fulfilment. Officering their best, they mostly achieved the purpose of functioning by developing a disciplined and scientific strategy for the welfare and improvement of the living quality of people. The AASW engaged in the building up of resources meant for various levels of targets whether it is individual, national or international needs. All of this reveals that the concept of social work has attained a global perspective. The global dimension of social work has given it a new life and attraction. Alleviating current social burden to unfold the full potential of communities is the guiding spirit of Social Relief International (Welcome to Social Relief International 2006). Social work in modern times has become a profession which is sought after. The professional touch given to social work has caused the disfiguration of the very concept of social work for the benefit of society and human beings. The essay tries to make an analysis of the very concept of international social work and how it has helped in removing the severity of many a social calamity and disaster, and its relevance at the context. The proper understanding of dimensions of international social work will enable the people to get a broad idea of the different and varied aspects of social work. These different dimensions of international social work have their matchless relevan ce in the modern society. These dimensions are namely economic dimensions, social dimensions and the environmental dimensions. Issues, strategies, and programs related to international social work draws together the practice wisdom emerging within the broad scope of international social work practice. (Pawar. and Cox 2008). Using a broader perspectives approach, that involves scientific, economic, environmental and social development methods, authors David Cox and Manohar Pawar stressed the community to actively counter the global challenges that is often critical to life. This is the time to respond to modern global challenges which causes disaster to the well-being of people, communities and all the nations in the world. For responding to the natural calamity, the modern people have to adopt a broad outlook, which includes universal, human rights, environmental, and social development perspectives. At this juncture, social workers need join their hands together for gett ing the crisis removed from the society whatever be the problem. But the measures that have been taken will not suffice the required level. There are few examples which prove it. The Human race has overcome so many challenges over the years that nothing seems impossible! However, Social Relief International believes that we have not even achieved one tenth of what is possible when it comes to creating socially acceptable living condition for all (Welcome to Social Relief International 2006). The above cited quote has been taken based on the ongoing process of relief and rehabilitation works in Africa which is the greatest example of how confused governance joined with poor. These new programmes have to be put into practice and strategies have to be found in this regard. There should be a change in the approach of the people to the social relief programmes. Social relief international approach should be based on three main ideas. Children must become the centre of any prog ramme that aims to relive poverty, communities should have the access to resources within themselves to overcome social challenges and the research and policy analysis has to be the complete part of every social programme. (Welcome to Social Relief International 2006). The new dimensions of international social work make it possible in the vast practicability of these measures. The new approach gives more practical sense to the novel ideas of international social work. The international social work makes it possible for the whole world to come into contact with each other and also there is unanimity and the feeling of oneness in the entire realm. Globalization: Its impact on Social Work There are many definitions for the term globalization. It is the integration of economic, political, and cultural systems across the globe. Globalization is a force for economic growth, prosperity, and democratic freedom, (Welcome to a students guide to globalization). Anyhow globalizati on is the process of becoming the global village and it has some theoretical perspective. Due to the globalization the world economy has been configured and unleashed to have a free and fair business across the world. This results in a drastic change in socio-economic conditions of the people. The makeover of home and households in transnationalism is also among one of these multidisciplinary perspectives. Globalization as a process has many merits and demerits. It helps in the integration of the whole world to one to an extent. There are a few theories which question the utility of the very concept of globalization. Many debates have been made to substantiate the point that the globalisation is useful to all the nations up to an extent. Economic globalization can been viewed by utilizing two theoretical perspectives, herein described as free-market capitalism and world systems (Globalization: Two Sides of the Debate). Both these have their own positive as well as adverse impacts. These two perspectives are most often utilized for debate in many social forums. The world systems perspective offers the greatest explanatory power in its approach to and explanation of the underlying logic and dynamics of economic globalization as well as the potential consequences of such a phenomenon (Globalization: Two Sides of the Debate). Globalization affects a range of social issues such as poverty, immigration, womens social position, health, and development. The importance is to be given to whether it is affecting these social issues positively or adversely. Globalization and poverty are interrelated as globalization has helped in removing or reducing the rate of poverty in many developing countries. It has enhanced the rate of immigration from poorer countries to develop or developing countries. Globalization has helped in removing many of the social problems of women. It has also helped in the improvement of the health of the people. Due to the glo balization factor, there is a scope of vast developments in every field as well as every parts of the world. The help rendered by globalization in removing the poverty has great impacts upon the society. It could remove the level of poverty by creating more and more employment opportunities. Comparing the nations across the world through the past 20 years, countries like China, India and some of the nations belonging to East Asia have gone through with the fast growth in their economic conditions and remarkable decline in the poverty rate. Situations in other countries were a little different. The scenario of Latin America remained idle. The economic developments of the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa seem to be brought to an end and even regressed. But it is to be analysed what is the ultimate repercussion of globalization. The neoliberal argument says that world poverty and income inequality fell over the past two decades for the first time in more than a century and a half, thanks to the rising density of economic integration across national borders. (Hunter 2004). Globalization and migration represent two of the most dynamic global socio-political trends of our present time. While both have their own driving dynamic, they are highly interrelated. Globalization has an ambivalent and somehow contradictory influence on the current migratory flows. (Papantoniou., Peschke,. And Moritz 2004). It means that globalization opened different kind of prospects, situations and conditions as per the choices of people that increase the anxiety for a better place of comforts and intensify the thought of migration. Globalization resulted in mixed kind of direct or indirect consequences that includes breaking down of national economies, acute poverty, developing economic disparities, conflicts and wars, revival of tribal, ethnic, and religious fundamentalism, declining of traditional industry, environmental degr adation, which might pave way towards migration anticipated as a survival strategy. Based on an analysis of around 150 million people, it was found that they migrated outside their countries of origin and have been forced into exile due to their economic constrains. Studies show that the condition of women becomes more and more deplorable due to the impact of globalization. Apart from these there are a few beneficial changes that have taken place due to globalization; this may include various rights for the protection of women from all kinds of threats. Globalization has helped in improving the health conditions of people all over the world. The access to medical care and treatment could save many lives and this shows that people have an improved level of health in the times of globalization. All these conditions helped in the improvement and development of the world. The improvements in every field helped to create a lot of development in the condition of the entire worl d and its people. Peoples Welfare: In Paper In fields The translation of International human rights is to be made possible at the local level; efforts have to be taken to bring about these radical changes. There are authenticated sources which tell that the efforts were not so relevant. Successes and limitations of these efforts to translate macro/international human rights norms into concrete local policy initiatives and in so doing, argue for a gendered and radicalized critique of human rights. That is attentive to the creative and often unexpected uses of macro-political tools for local political ends. (A Policy for Redressing Gender and Racialized Inequalities? The Substance and Politics of Rights Ordinances in the United States). There is also another drawback about the international treaties of human rights that it is too remote from the realities of people and their lives. International human rights treaties often claim that timely efforts are taken for changin g peoples poverty and deteriorating condition into stable and developing one. But in practical fields it never happens and for that the international treated are always criticized for turning their face around from the realities of peoples living conditions. Indeed, scholars have gone as far as to argue that international law itself is unlikely to advance human dignity because human rights treaties are flawed as a matter of substance and process (McGinnis, 2003:137 A Policy for Redressing Gender and Racialized Inequalities? The Substance and Politics of Rights Ordinances in the United States). The potential for new technologies and telecommunications for enhancing information exchange and social justice activism is getting improved in the era of globalization. The technology savvy world develops modern and innovative communication models with a view to create opportunities for the people to speak about the better experiences and social concerns. Such basic social problems a s inequality, poverty, and discrimination pose a constant challenge to policies that serve the health and income needs of children, families, people with disabilities, and the elderly (Anderson. and Herr 2007). There are places or nations where we can see the process of significant changes both in personal values and civil life. New technologies in every field have helped to make faster telecommunication facilities for enhanced and speedy information exchange. Sometimes modern trends such as globalization of business and consumer values, fast growing and developing communication media and its personalization, and the economic rearrangement of business into e-commerce and other information-oriented economies are often treated as bane, but it has a positive aspect too. Because of the above changes of modernization the whole world could provide helping hands wherever it need within little timeframe, whether it may be monetary forms of help or information based or even manpow er related. Yet there are many signs from the WTO experience in Seattle to the rise of global activism aimed at making biotechnology accountable that new forms of citizenship, politics, and public engagement are emerging (Anderson, and Herr 2007). International Social Workers: The Role in Rehabilitation of Needed Community The position of international social work in the modern times is very stable and effective too. New and more vistas are opened in the field. The nature of work has fully changed over the years. Social workers among teenagers is getting vide vitality and is becoming popular. In the New Arenas for Community Social Work Practice with Urban Youth, Melvin Delgado contends that social services with teenagers need to be re-conceptualized (Chow 2001). As an initial process, according to him, the young people should be trained in the way that it would benefit the development and growth of nations by extracting maximum potential from them. Continuing the topi c Delgado insists to adopt the approach of developing energetic and hardworking community for the development and economic nourishment of the country. Analysing various case studies regarding humanities, arts, sports and human psychology the author advises the society to adopt the successful intervention strategies of community social work practice. The Asian Tsunami Disaster received unprecedented global publicity resulting in an outpouring of financial assistance from governments, the general community and private donors, and international bodies. The AASW and the International Federation of Social Workers Asia Pacific responded to this crisis in a very helpful manner by giving such assistance to the victims and to those who directly or indirectly suffered the aftermath. The International Social service organization FAST prescribed a working perspective in their constitution and that is Social work seeks to enhance community expertise and empowerment in the decision mak ing process through all stages of planning, intervention and recovery. Strengths and resilience of the local community is acknowledged. International assistance is essentially collaborative with national/local partners in a consultancy role and in training/support/ research and evaluation (Source FAST https://www.aasw.asn.au/adobe/news/FAST_outline_draft12012005.pdf). By using the knowledge and value based skills social workers can intervene in the people at the levels of individual, group and family, community and their policy. These intervention/consultation is guided by certain disaster management principles, values and code of ethics . The tasks, issues and priorities mentioned in FAST constitution are as under:- Assessment of social emotional impact and needs. Planning short term interventions re grief, loss, trauma reactions. Working alongside agencies providing medium term interventions for communities and within temporary shelters to develop temporary communi ties. Helping manage the grieving process; providing info; assessing vulnerable people and referring for intervention/treatment. Therapeutic work, support and placement of orphaned/unattached children, adolescents and the widowed. People with physical disabilities or mental/intellectual disabilities. Assisting in education, research and evaluation, as well as documenting the event and process. (Source FAST) https://www.aasw.asn.au/adobe/news/FAST_outline_draft12012005.pdf No country stood alone from the aftermath of the disaster. Every country either directly or indirectly had to suffer the repercussions of this crisis. Tsunami was the result of a catastrophic earthquake at a magnitude of 9.0 in rector scale, which shook the Indian Ocean and formed very high tidal waves. The world has become a dumb witness of this deadliest natural disaster which happened in modern the era. These deadly tidal waves devastated coastal areas of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Southern Ind ia, Thailand, and other nations, taking lives of around 228,000 to 310,000 due to casualties and other sorts of loss to the properties of nations. Meanwhile, the international aid provided all sort of relief and rescue, and rehabilitation services for the affected areas, that could covered around 3 billion USD (about 2.3 billion euros) from across the world. Past experience shows that rebuilding takes years of momentous effort. For instance, in Hokkaido, Japan, it took over five years to completely recover from a 1993 earthquake-triggered tsunami ( https://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/tsunami/overview.php). There was global support against the disaster; help from different parts of the countries flew to the affected countries. Every nation joined their hands to fight against the disaster as well as to console the victims. With the outpouring of support from the global community, the recent tsunami disaster has highlighted a number of factors regarding the coordination and de livery of international aid. (Fertig, Foster, and Nicholas 2005). While providing the aids to the sufferers these organizations had sustained a number of bitter experiences and setbacks at the beginning stage. Some of the difficulties the organizations had to face during the time of aid operations for the victims were that of financing such missions, providing the required type and amount of supplies, and bringing aid to affected populations while dealing with home and foreign governments. The AASW and the international social organizations rendered a significance services to tsunami victims. AASW and International Social Work Organizations, the renowned organizations for social services, bestowed a sort of social, economic, psychological solace upon the victims that rejuvenated them both physically as well as mentally in alleviating the sorrow of the tsunami affected people of different regions. These organisations help for the removal of poverty from grass root level. I FSW is an international body for social work, representing half a million professional social workers around the globe (https://www.aasw.asn.au/news/news_archive.htmvb). The rehabilitation services rendered by these humanistic organizations, irrespective of their basis objectives and aims, were actually the need of the hour. The assistance provided by them cannot be belittled. The social workers from these organizations tried their hardest to reduce the grievances of the tsunami affected people and to rebuild their socio-cultural status. Tsunami: Rescue and Rehabilitation The Asian Tsunami Disaster received unprecedented global publicity resulting in an outpouring of financial assistance from governments, the general community and private donors, and international bodies. The AASW and the International Federation of Social Workers Asia Pacific are responded to that crisis. No other rescue and relief operations have ever received as much publicity as the Tsunami rehabilit ation efforts. As social work has become a profession it will certainly have possibilities for some drawbacks in the near future. Many organizations have now emerged as social organizations to render help for the needy and for the disaster affected people. Now, social work and social workers become part and parcel of a wider acknowledged profession. It has been included in the curriculum of many countries. In a review of 20 years quantitative research and analysis into the psychological effects of disasters, Norris (2002) concluded that of the 50,000 people who had experienced 80 different disasters (62 per cent of which were natural disasters) and found the magnitude of individual effects like 74 per cent suffered from psychological problems, 65 per cent had Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), 37 per cent got depression or major depressive disorder and 19 per cent went through with anxiety or generalised anxiety disorder (Source Magnitude of Individual Effects) htt ps://www.acu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/97176/Disaster_Literature_Review_Edited_Final.pdf ). Keeping in mind the facts mentioned above, the training of social workers should be planned accordingly incorporating human psychology and process of treatment for these kind of mental traumas. International social work has the following key features which distinguish it from any other profession. The study of International Social Work includes the main issues like natural calamities, disasters, major accidents, and its rescue/rehabilitation related strategies and programmes to be implemented at the right time in the right place of affected people. Adopting these practices develops the broad scope of international social work services. As this essay has already narrated, the suggestion of authors David Cox and Manohar Pawar, regarding the ways of responding against the critical situations by all means available in this world. Conclusion The essay provides a positiv e approach with incorporating therein the overall perspectives and scope of international social work and social development practice to the world. One cannot expect a genuine social worker organization or other determined charitable societies to deceive peoples in the name of relief and rescue services. Thus the efforts made by Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW) and International Social Work Organizations for the rescue and rehabilitation of Tsunami affected people solely justified. Only because of these services the sufferers made themselves rehabilitated and returned to their normal life. So the services got deserved recognition and applause. Ethically speaking to have a mind for social services is a generous initiative that everyone does not possess. The young generation can be provided with appropriate teaching, practicing, developing subject requirements and processes and thereby the world could create a best quality people with generous thinking and deed . To propagate these values one need to have implement the process of international social work practice for students and practitioners at all levels. International Social Work is an ideal text for undergraduate and graduate courses in Social Work and Development Studies as well as an excellent resource for social workers, human services professionals, and development practitioners (20060718 Pawar. and Cox 2008). So the international social work organizations today become one of the inevitable social organizations for a noble cause. They help the entire world by rendering purposeful social services for the sake of humanity. Social workers have to be appreciated and applauded for their dedication and their sacrifices in the matters related to work. Works cited A statement of Tsunami Victim. https://www.theaca.net.au/journals/ca_archive/ACA%20Mag%20Vol5%20No2%20Winter%2005.pdf (FAST) https://www.aasw.asn.au/adobe/news/FAST_outline_draft12012005.pdf COX, Davi d., and PAWAR, Manohar. (2008). International Social Work: Issues, Strategies, and Programs (Hardcover). [online]. Amazon.com. Last accessed 25 August 2008 at: https://www.amazon.com/International-Social-Work-Strategies-Programs/dp/1412914078 Australias Emergency Response to the Tsunami) Magazine article by Alan March; UN Chronicle, Vol. 42, June-August 2005 https://www.aasw.asn.au/about/FinalisedAASWConstitutionforASIC270608.pdf (Source : Relationship with the International Federation of Social Workers AASW Constitution 2008) Welcome to Social Relief International. (2006). [online]. Social Relief Intl. Last accessed 25 August 2008 at: https://www.socialrelief.org/ Welcome to a Students Guide to Globalization. [online]. Globalisation101.org. Last accessed 25 August 2008 at: https://www.globalization101.org/ Undergraduate Bulletin 2008-2009: Courses In Globalization Studies. [online]. University at Albany. Last accessed 25 August 2008 at: https://www.albany.edu/unde rgraduate_bulletin/a_glo.html. Globalization: Two Sides of the Debate. [online]. allacademic research. Last accessed 25 August 2008 at: https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/1/0/3/5/p110351_index.html HUNTER WADE, Robert. Is Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality? (2004). [online]. elsevier.com. Vol. 20. P. Last accessed 25 August 2008 at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/DESTIN/pdf/Isglobreducing.pdf . PAPANTONIOU, Antonios k., PESCHKE, Doris., and MORITZ, Torsten. (2004). Globalisation and Migration some Reflections on the Connection Between Two Inter-Related Global Phenomena. coe.int. Last accessed 25 August 2008 at: https://www.coe.int/t/e/north-south_centre/programmes/5_europe-africa_dialogue/c_hr_and_migration/globalisation%20and%20migration.asp. BROWNE, Colette V., and BRAUN, Kathryn L. (2008). Globalization,Womens Migration, and the Long-Term-Care Workforce. The Gerontologist. Last accessed 25 August 2008 at: https://gerontol ogist.gerontologyjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/48/1/16. A Policy for Redressing Gender and Racialized Inequalities? The Substance and Politics of Rights Ordinances in the United States. [online]. allacademic. Last accessed 25 August 2008 at: https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/5/0/8/5/p250855_index.html. ANDERSON, Gary L., and HERR, Kathryn. (2007). Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. SAGE. Last accessed 25 August 2008 at: https://www.sagepub.com/refbooksProdDesc.nav?prodId=Book228028. CHOW, Julian. (2001). New Arenas for Community Social Work Practice with Urban Youth: Use of the Arts, Humanities and Sports.Book Review. [online]. BNET. Last accessed 25 August 2008 at: https://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CYZ/is_4_28/ai_83530642 FERTIG, Ben., Foster, Tanya., and Nicholas, Irene. (2005). Tsunamis and the International Response: Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions. ProQuest. Last accessed 25 August 2008 at: https:// www.csa.com/discoveryguides/tsunami/overview.php. https://www.aasw.asn.au/news/news_archive.htmvb (Source Magnitude of Individual Effects ) https://www.acu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/97176/Disaster_Literature_Review_Edited_Final.pdf

Philosophy And Its Potential Effects On Decision Making

Philosophy of education influences and largely determines, individual’s educational decisions. (Ornstein, Edwards Stacey, 2015) State and local policymakers, researchers, teachers, and administrators confront a variety of conflicting philosophies and prescriptions in the debate over school curriculum, structure and reform. (Elmore, 1990) Ultimately, choices related to school structure, culture and curriculum are influenced by the philosophy (lens) in which decision-making personnel use to view the world. (Ornstein, et.al, 2015) These decisions affect many components that comprise a school. This paper will discuss examples and impact of the Reconstructionism philosophy on curriculum choices and decision-making in schools. In the context of educational curriculum development, it is important to understand the meaning of philosophy and its potential effects on decision-making and educational outcomes. Philosophy is comprised of a number branches. There is metaphysics, which questions nature of reality; ontology, which concerns the nature of being; logic, which focuses on reasoning; epistemology, which focuses on knowledge investigation and ethics, which is the study of morality. (Harword, 2012) All of these branches of philosophy add to the difficulties many face in developing a single definition. However, a general definition of philosophy is a set of ideas about how to do something or how to live. (Marriam Webster, 2015) Specific to curriculum design, Orenstein definesShow MoreRelatedEthical Conflicts : Teleological, Deontological And Contemporary Theories Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness have a social responsibility. It is seen that when viewed as a normative ethical theory, it gives improvem ent to financial performance of the company. Consent of the stakeholders must be obtained then only they can participate in ethical decision making process and other business strategies(Carroll,.1999). Cross- cultural implications on business refer to implication of different cultural norms on business. Standardization of business ethics plays an important role as many cultures are seeingRead MoreA Personal Management Philosophy Is Not Best Expressed By Leaders And Management Personnel1373 Words   |  6 Pagesthat â€Å"One’s philosophy is not best expressed in words; it is expressed in the choices one makes†¦and the choices we make are ultimately our responsibility†. Roosevelt’s statement accurately reflects how others view the personal management philosophies adopted by leaders and management personnel. What is remembered is not what individuals say, but what they do. Ideas and philosophical outlooks on life and management can have significant impacts on the lives of others. Each decision a manager makesRead MoreTechnology On Our Generation s Future1239 Words   |  5 PagesCourtney Lofton Professor Watson Philosophy December 16, 2016 Technology on our Generation’s Future Technology is machinery created by scientific knowledge that serves an active role in our industries (Computerhope). Around the world technology has become one of the most popular forms of communication (Computerhope). Starting with regular rotary phones and advancing into Instagram, twitter and facetime. Technology dating back to 1943 when the first computerRead MoreThe Evolution of Modern Marketing Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In order to understand marketing one must first analyze the history of production and sales as it advanced into a marketing based approach to customer satisfaction. By definition according to rdi, â€Å"marketing is a business philosophy, the process responsible for anticipating, identifying and satisfying customer current and future needs†(rdi, 2011). 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As Mary Warnock argues in her book Existentialist Ethics, It seems that to be attracted by Existentialism is to be attracted by a mood. When it comes to serious thought, one may find . . . that it is necessary to cast off the mood and start again (57). The focus of the existentialist is on the individual, existing being. ByRead MoreMerck Research Laboratories And Pharmaceutical Companies Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesinclude severe itching throughout the body, skin disfigurations, and total if not permanent blindness. As chairman of Merck, it is my decision on whether to allow Dr. Campbell and Dr. Mohammad Aziz and their research team to continue or discontinue their research to find a cure for River Blindness. I must answer several question before arriving at my final decision. Questions such as: should as a company invest more time and money i nto developing ivermectin into a drug that is safe for humans knowingRead MoreUsing Utilitarian Ethicals to Determine Right From Wrong Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesshareholders in the company, associated with the deaths that occurred (Shanks, 1996). This analysis will explore the use of Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarian ethics in the decision making process for that company in this vital time. The Utility test and the Common Good Test will then be applied to this situation and through that decision making process and then compared. This will all be used in attempt to solve the current issue that was on the mind of all of the board members. Utilitarian Ethical ProblemsRead MoreEthical Decision Making For Military Leaders1714 Words   |  7 PagesCharacter: The Key to Ethical Decision-Making for Military Leaders General H. Norman Schwarzkopf stated, â€Å"The truth of the matter is that you always know the right thing to do. The hard part is doing it.† Although Schwarzkopf makes a compelling argument, his premise is invalid due to its inflexible scope and absolute finality. In other words, not all decisions are metaphorically black and white. Based on differing perspectives, and most certainly for military leaders, there are often shades of grey

Totalitarianism And Dystopia In George Orwells 1984

Totalitarianism and dystopia in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four The novel, Nineteen Eighty-four or 1984, written by George Orwell concentrates on the idea of a future, a future in which the world is divide into three super state, namely Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia after a global war. The three super state continued to wage war against each other in order to take control of the remaining lands, the war still continued in order to have ideological control over the people. The plot of the novel is set in the province of Oceania which is known as Airstrip one, the residents of Airstrip one are controlled by the ‘inner party’ or the elite group of people. The ‘inner party’ will prosecute anyone who supports the idea of individualism or†¦show more content†¦The Unpersons were denied existence in any kind of historical records. The government or Big Brother is an anecdotal character and image in George Orwell s novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. He is apparently the pioneer (no doubt an emblematic non entity) of Oceania, a totalitarian state wherein the decision Party uses add up to control for its own particular purpose over the occupants. In the general public that the author depicts, each native is under steady observation by the experts, for the most part by telescreens . The general population are always helped to remember this by the trademark The government is watching you: a proverb which is universally in plain view. In present day culture the expression The government has entered the vocabulary as an equivalent word for mishandle of government control, especially in regard to common freedoms, regularly particularly identified with mass observation. The occupants of Oceania, especially the Outer Party individuals, have no genuine protection. A large number of them live in flats outfitted with two-way telescreens so they might be watched or tuned in to whenever. Comparative telescreens are found at workstations and out in the open spots, alongside shrouded amplifiers. Composed correspondence i s routinely opened and perused by the legislature before it is conveyed. The Thought Police utilize covert operators, who act like ordinaryShow MoreRelated1984 Analysis Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesHistory and 1984 War is peace. Freedom is Slavery. Ignorance is strength. In George Orwells 1984, a light is shining on the concept of a negative utopia, or dystopia caused by totalitarianism. Totalitarianism is, a form of government in which political authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of lifeÂ… and any opposing political and/or cultural expressions are suppressed. Having lived in a time of totalitarianism regime, Orwell had a firsthand account ofRead More1984 Argument1249 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell’s book 1984 is a very interesting novel. The novel is set up in Airstrip One. In George Orwell’s book 1984 it has many situations. One of the many situations are that some people refer society as â€Å"Orwellian.† What does Orwellian mean? Orwellian means, of or related to the works of George Orwell ( especially his picture of his future totalitarian state.) People believe that Orwell is realistic and say his work part of our society now. George Orwell was a writer in the twentieth centuryR ead MoreLiterary Context Of Dystopian Literature1746 Words   |  7 Pageseveryone might have the same belief of a dystopian society, such is namely seen in Brave New World where people’s opinions between a dystopia and a utopia differ. One person’s utopia could be another person’s dystopia. Originating from the Greek prefix ou and suffix topos; the genre of dystopia can be translated into bad place however, it is more commonly known as dystopia or just simply anti-utopia. 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Mr. Bond-Theriault. 2Nd Period. 22 March1623 Words   |  7 PagesMarch 2017 1984 By: George Orwell From a new historicism , and psychoanalytic criticism view. â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† As the future nears, most of humanity is starting to realize that â€Å"2+2=5†(. There is manipulation that occurs constructed by the government to control every aspect of reality, technology taking human jobs, those who control the present write history, social hierarchy, and wars that have no purpose. 1984 by Eric Arthur Blair is known by his pen name, George Orwell may notRead MoreGeorge Orwells 19841168 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell author of 1984 recently made it on Amazon’s list of â€Å"100 books to read before you die† for his widely read novel with thought provoking subjects like: the dangers of totalitarianism, physical control, psychological manipulation, manipulation of information and history, and technology. 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Institute Electrical Electronics Engineers -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Institute OF Electrical Electronics Engineers? Answer: Introduction In this semester I have been able to be part of class of marketing project which was one of my core subjects I undertook. As I reflect on this class there are memorable moments which have encountered and would like to share them. In the essay I will discuss what I really learnt in the class in relation to the marketing, learning and aspect of the teamwork (Babin and Zikmund, 2015). Additionally, I will also look at what I would have done differently next time I have a marketing project or have to work in a team. What I learnt about marketing In this class I found it to be useful and motivational. I think that my knowledge and skills have improved after I attended the class. My understanding of marketing has expanded considerably due to attending this class , including the worldwide method to the issues concerning marketing aspects in facts I found that the methods of the marketing especially in the aspect of the business has become more complicated as a result of the impact of the globalization to it (Calco and Veeck, 2015). I have gained new knowledge in areas such as multimodal delivery and the effect to the numerous outcomes, challenges related to marketing of learning material particularly to the digital age to the tertiary students. Other areas are on the marketing research for the international markets. I might also put forward that my view concerning marketing revolutionized during the course within this semester. In the past I accustomed to view marketing as the sole responsibility to the marketing division. I ad ditionally used to think that all the activities that are associated with the marketing of the goods and services were basically undertaken by just one department (Hair and Lukas, 2014). I am now of the look at that marketing is a cross functional activity that is facilitated by team work within a company. I have also started to appreciate the relevance of the developing worldwide outlook in relation to the modern marketing executives becoming closely familiar to the differences of the traditional meaning of marketing (Pondel and Korczak, 2017). Learning The tutor who was taking us through this class went over board to make sure we grasp the various concept related to the marketing. During the class he showed us how to spot the global marketing opportunities through referring to the real life class studies especially to the global business world (Mummalaneni, 2014). I was surprised there was a lot to learn when it comes to the marketing project, and organization needs to do much to make sure their project could succeed. The tutor also chaired frequent discussion which took place during the class and they seemed to be motivating and encouraging when we discussed various aspects related to the marketing. Teamwork There are various concepts that are learnt related to teamwork as I was involved in many of them during this class. I got to learn a few things related to it and would share some. One of the things is that teamwork helps one to learn content at a deeper level which is equated to the understanding (Kleinaltenkamp, Plinke and Geiger, 2016). When the students are explaining concepts to each other, they argue for an answer, to justify the conclusion. Through that interaction they are able to clarify their own thinking and often it clarifies thinking of the other learners. Another thing learnt is working with the others. Teamwork helps the students to learn how to work with the other individuals outside the circle of friends, which include those who have various backgrounds along with experiences (Vos, 2015). They could even learn how to work with those who disagree with them. When having a marketing project In case I have a marketing project in future again, there are various things I would do differently. One of them is to try get ahead of the class before it start. In this class I had lagged behind and I missed a few things at the beginning. In case I had a similar class I would read, research and prepare myself effectively to enable me to have content and knowledge and the course would be much easier when the concepts are discussed. I would also try to consult more in the future particularly to the concepts that I do not understand in the class with the tutor. Have to work in a team When I work in a team again in the future, I would build the effectiveness of the team through acting in excellent methods to ensure that the other members of the team might imitate and follow. I will not ridicule any specific member of the team but instead praise and at the same time give credit to the good works each of them has accomplished (Gagnon, 2016). Another thing I would do is to encourage the creation of the strong and mutual relationships between the members of the team. Overall what was your experience In this class I had a good experience. The professor was punctual in all the classes, the classmate had positive energy. The concepts which were taught in regards to marketing have widened a great deal of knowledge to me. Through the teamwork we had especially during the discussion of the assignment we were able to forge relationship with the others beyond the classroom setup. Additionally, the relationship promoted respect and discipline accounting the members of the team. Weekly diary Week 2 The group formation Introduction done to the group members Selection of the topic to discuss Creation of a group in social media for discussion Week 3 Looking at the topic Discussion of the topic for making the report Formulating a draft for the report Week 4 Reviewing the proposal and finalizing on it Submitting of the first assignment Briefing on the second assignment to the members Week 5 The members to discuss on the second assignment Discussion on the topic for the project Selection of various aspect on the assignment to carry a report Week 6 Members discuss on the draft for the second assignment Receiving feedback from the class coordinator and further discuss on the first assignment Division of the first assignment to the team members based on feedback given and making the correction Break week Revision of the draft from the first assignment Finalize on the report and hard over the first assignment Week 8 The individuals formulate their own draft on the sections they were given The members discuss on the draft they provide and various feedback given Week 9 The members decide on the various drafts and select the best from the options The content are then joined together and the final draft has is relevant The members review the draft and also consider the feedback provided Week 10 The members submit the draft to the coordinator to give feedback on the subject When the feedback is given the member finalize on the report The final report is then submitted. References Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015. Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Calco, M. and Veeck, A., 2015. The markathon: Adapting the hackathon model for an introductory marketing class project. Marketing Education Review, 25(1), pp.33-38. Gagnon, E., 2016. The Marketer's Action Plan (MAP): Six Steps to Developing Effective Marketing Plans in B2B Marketing Programs. International Management Review, 12(2), p.56. Hair Jr, J.F. and Lukas, B., 2014. Marketing research (Vol. 2). McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Kleinaltenkamp, M., Plinke, W. and Geiger, I., 2016. Business Project Management and Marketing. Springer. Mummalaneni, V., 2014. Reflective essay and e-portfolio to promote and assess student learning in a capstone marketing course. Marketing Education Review, 24(1), pp.43-46. Pondel, M. and Korczak, J., 2017. A view on the management of analysis and exploration of marketing data. In 2017 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems. Polskie Towarzystwo Informatyczne, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Vos, L., 2015. Simulation games in business and marketing education: How educators assess student learning from simulations. The International Journal of Management Education, 13(1), pp.57-74.

THe Giver report2 Essay Example For Students

THe Giver report2 Essay In a community that is all the same lives a boy named Jonas,who discovers he is very different. Jonas is the main character in this book called The Giver. The theme of this book called The Giver is clearly represented by freedom, the right to make your own choices, uniqueness, and individuality are worth dying for. In Jonass community, a commitee selects ones job, war is unheard of, all people wear the same attire, and all are assigned spouses and familes. When Jonas is given the special, wonder-filled occupation of becoming the Receiver of Memory, he finds that there is much more to life. We will write a custom essay on THe Giver report2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Through his task of becoming the Receiver of Memory, he discovers the meaning of love, pain, frustration, color, and cold. That is when Jonas realizes how much more there really is. Life soon becomes overwhelming unbearable in his world of sameness. He finds life isnt worth living without the qualities (often that we take for granted) he discovered. That is when Jonas goes on a dangerous journey to find a land that is different. Why would you be attracted to a controlled community like Jonass where efficiency is the order of the day? Maybe,if you try you might be able to change the community the way you want it to be, then its going to turn out to be your benefit. These are 5 examples to describe sameness in the community. 1. a commitee selects ones job. 2. war is unheard of. 3. all people wear the same attire. 4. all are assigned spouses. 5. all are assigned familes. The Giver desires a change in sameness because she is uncomfortable about his communitys way of living such as this event for instant Jonas stood for a moment beside his bike, startled. It had happened again: the thing that he thought of now as seeing beyond.This time it had undergone that fleeting indescribable change. As he looked up and toward her going through the door, it happened; she changed. Actually, Jonas thought, trying to recreate it in his mind, it wasnt Fiona in her entirety. It seemed to be just her hair. And just for that flickering instant. He ran through it in his mind. It was clearly beginning to happen more often. First, the apple a few weeks before. The next time had been the faces in the audience at the Auditorium, just two days ago. Now, today, Fionas hair. Bibliography: In a community that is all the same lives a boy named Jonas,who discovers he is very different. Jonas is the main character in this book called The Giver. The theme of this book called The Giver is clearly represented by freedom, the right to make your own choices, uniqueness, and individuality are worth dying for. In Jonass community, a commitee selects ones job, war is unheard of, all people wear the same attire, and all are assigned spouses and familes. When Jonas is given the special, wonder-filled occupation of becoming the Receiver of Memory, he finds that there is much more to life. Through his task of becoming the Receiver of Memory, he discovers the meaning of love, pain, frustration, color, and cold. That is when Jonas realizes how much more there really is. Life soon becomes overwhelming unbearable in his world of sameness. He finds life isnt worth living without the qualities (often that we take for granted) he discovered. That is when Jonas goes on a dangerous journey to find a land that is different. Why would you be attracted to a controlled community like Jonass where efficiency is the order of the day? Maybe,if you try you might be able to change the community the way you want it to be, then its going to turn out to be your benefit. .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74 , .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74 .postImageUrl , .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74 , .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74:hover , .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74:visited , .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74:active { border:0!important; } .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74:active , .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74 .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u35abd21fe73886e68e1b03e7c95b0c74:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Voting in society Essay These are 5 examples to describe sameness in the community. 1. a commitee selects ones job. 2. war is unheard of. 3. all people wear the same attire. 4. all are assigned spouses. 5. all are assigned familes. The Giver desires a change in sameness because she is uncomfortable about his communitys way of living such as this event for instant Jonas stood for a moment beside his .

The Story of Sojourner Truth essays

The Story of Sojourner Truth essays What personal traits did young Belle possess which helped her cope with slavery? Did she possess any less-than-admirable traits, in your opinion? Elle, even at her early age was aware of what was happening o the society, much more to her family. Her father died early and she, her siblings and her mom were left to tend for themselves. They had to continue living as a slave of Charles Ardinburgh, and then later on she was forced to serve her new owners who had treated her so badly (Bernard, 1990). Belle kept her silence but she had been taking notes of what was happening with most of the women. She had been very earnest in helping others in her own little ways. She had been very inquisitive and curious as to what was really happening, why it happened and how can it be possibly changed. She was very optimistic, even at her early age that time would come that she would be able to somehow change their current status. She had also used prayers to be able to cope with the pain of the beatings that she had been receiving from her owners. These are just some of the attributes that Belle possessed even while she was very young. These are the attributes that kept her going despite the harshness of slavery period. Cleary, as a very young girl who became aware of the real happenings of the world earlier than anybody else, Belle did not have any less-than-admirable traits. What she had were all very commendable and enough proofs of her ability to become a leader of her time. Evaluate Jacqueline Bernard's assertion that Belle was "a young woman alone in both the white and black worlds." Jacqueline Bernards statement that Belle was a young woman alone in both the white and black worlds" is true (Bernard, 1990). She was a black woman but she had worked with some whites. She had helped both the blacks and the whites in dealing with their own pain and sufferings. Belle had pursued her vision of lifting slav...

Apple Case Study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Apple Case Study - Coursework Example The paper tells that it would appear that Apple segments its business into business units on a geographic, rather than product bases, in addition to the four geographic business units, the company treats the retail business as a separate business unit. Each business unit reports sales and profitability from all product and operational categories within the region, with the exclusion of retail operations which fall under a separate SBU. In analysing Apple’s strategy, subsequent sections of the report will refer to the European SBU where appropriate. The financial performance of Apple’s European SBU would seem to be quite impressive in light of the economic events taking place during the period. Europe represents Apple’s second largest market by sales volume as the Americas division. Sale have risen from $9,233m in 2008 to $18,692 in 2010, a rate of growth of over 102%. Profit during the period has similarly increased from $3,022m in 2008 to $7,524m in 2010, an inc rease of 149% suggesting that profitability is increasing at a greater rate in proportion to sales. As such, this suggests that Apple’s European SBU has effectively kept expenses under control and is beginning to benefit from various economies of scale as sales increase . An interesting aspect of Apple’s capital structure is that the company reported to have no long term debt financing in the period 2006 to 2010. As such the company is wholly financed through equity. ... Key Ratios Ratio Apple Sony Samsung GP Margin 33.17% -2.95% 26.00% NP Margin 14.22% -1.28% 7.40% EPS 4.04 -98.95 29.98 Current Ratio 2.01 0.95 1.52 Acid Test 1.96 0.74 1.23 Debt to Equity 0.57 1.68 0.09 ROCE 14.09% -1.21% 12.28% 1.2 Marketing Analysis The following analysis of Apple’s marketing has been conducted using the standard 4p’s approach to the analysis of the marketing mix4: Price – Traditionally Apple has followed a premium pricing strategy often attempting to appeal to the early adopters in the field of interest. This has been especially true in the computer product segment. Product – While Apple has consistently brought new and innovative products to the market, the main features and benefits sold to computer is that Apple products are simple and easy to use, a marketing strategy which has helped Apple to a appeal to a wide audience. Place – Apple products are distributed through a wide range of retailers in the European SBU including hi gh street electronics retailers, major supermarkets and online sources such as Amazon. A key strategy however has also been the setting up of Apple’s own retail SBU which operates a number of stores within the European market dedicated to Apple products. Promotion – Apple makes use of a standard array of mass media advertising techniques including television advertising, targeted print media advertising as well as viral and other online advertising techniques. Overall, the marketing activities of Apple in the European SBU may be seen as aimed to create a product mix which is aimed at the mass luxury market. The product is appealing to those with higher levels of disposable income yet not so high as to be

Global Context of Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Context of Business - Assignment Example iii) Devaluation of domestic currency and thus a fall in profitability of investment ventures. This might restrain many potential investors from pouring their funds in the afflicted nation which can adversely affect the economic growth process. B) Unemployment rate is measured as the percentage of unemployed people in the total labor force. Discouraged workers and people not seeking jobs though belonging to an age group above 16 are not included in the labor force. In the present case, the total labor force comprises of 110 million people and the number of people employed among them is 90 million. This leaves a total of 20 million people jobless, in the total workforce. Thus, the rate of unemployment in the nation is, 3. In economics, domestic aggregate demand is treated at par with the real GDP of an economy. There are three primary sources which sum up to give the aggregate demand in an economy, viz., consumption expenditure, investment expenditure and government expenditure. A fall in any one of the three factors will lead to a fall in total domestic demand and hence the resultant GDP will be affected accordingly When the government decided to implement tax cuts, it led to a rise in the disposable income and an inferred rise in the amount of consumption expenditure. However there was a simultaneous shortfall in the availability of government’s resources to meet its expenses, so that the proportion of government expenditure in aggregate demand depreciated. A rise in one component accompanied by a fall in another left the aggregate demand as well as the real GDP unchanged. With no changes in the domestic money supply, the general price continued at the same level.

Computer Technician Essay Example for Free

Computer Technician Essay Memory: Your memory does not store everything forever. The computer memory refers to computer components, devices and recording media that retain digital information. The computer data storage provides one of the core functions of a computer that of information retention. How a Computer Remembers: A computer has two memories, called RAM and ROM. ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It carries the information. The computer needs to carry out, it’s task, and it cannot be altered. It stays there even when the computer switch off. RAM stands for Random Access Memory or Read and Write Memory. This contains the information the computer needs to carry out the particular task you want. When you switch off the computer, RAM empties itself. You can save your work on CD-ROM, DVD ROM Disk, Floppy Disk, Flash Drives, etc. Storing Information: Each memory cells stores binary digits. It is easy to see that the size of computers RAM is important because the computer can only do the amount of work that it has room for. Computer Memory Memory Imagine that you are going to the park to play with your friends. You know the way because you have been there before. The route is stored in your memory. On the way, you meet someone and stop for a chat. If it’s not about anything important, you will probably soon forget. Your memory does not store everything forever. The computer memory refers to computer components, devices and recording media that retain digital information used for computing for some interval of time. The computer data storage provides one of the core functions of a computer, that of information retention. How a Computer Remembers A computer’s memory works in similar way. There are some pieces of information that need to be stored away. Others can be forgotten once the computer has worked on them. To separate the two types of information, a computer has two memories called ROM and RAM. ROM stands for Read Only Memory. ROM carries the information the computer needs to carry out its task. This information is built into the computer and cannot be altered. It stays there even when the computer is switched off, just as your memory of how to get to the park stays with you until you need it again. RAM stands for Random Access Memory, or read and write memory. This contains the information the computer needs to carry out the particular task you want it to do now. When you switch off the computer, RAM empties itself. You can save your work on CD-ROM. DVD ROM disks, floppy disks, flash drives, etc. Storing Information ROM and RAM are both made up of memory cells, Each memory cell stores binary digits. A chip may be able to store millions of bits. It is easy to see that the size of the computer’s RAM is important because RAM has room for it. With some computers, it is possible to add extra memory chips to increase the RAM.

What are the strengths and failures of the Battle of Maldon and the ?related texts? as evidence for the structure of English Society :: essays research papers fc

What are the strengths and failures of the Battle of Maldon and the ‘related texts’ as evidence for the structure of English Society The Battle of Maldon is a medieval text depicting a battle between English warriors and Danish invaders. Earl Byrtnoth was commanding the warriors in the name of King Æthelred. The poem portrays the heroism of the bravest warriors and the sheer cowardice of those that fled. Controversy over the aim of the poem is apparent as Sragg says that the poets â€Å"style of writing is so hyperbolic that it robs what little of trustworthiness there is.† On the one hand there is little doubt that the battle happened and in this sense the poem is accurate, however very little archaeological evidence has been found around that historical sight to consolidate the poems content. Another problem may well lie in the later translations of the text especially before 1725 and the Cotton Library fire. When copyists began to copy the text they may well have lost some of the meaning of the poem by the way they understand it, they are likely to translate the text to fit contemporary understanding .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is possible to see that the church appears to play a major role in the society of the English in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Lines one hundred and one to one hundred and five display a deeply engrained belief in fate and God’s hand in it, â€Å"There against the fierce ones stood ready Byrtnoth with his men†¦ †¦Then the fight was nigh, glory in combat: the time had come when fated men must fall there.† It is possible to see that there was a deeply engrained belief, in the higher circles of society especially, that if you died on the battle field then God had fated you to do so. Also the use of glory indicates a connection with religion as glory and glorification are synonymous with Christ, God, and religion in general. This idea is backed up by lines one hundred and seventy three to one hundred and eighty whereby a fallen warrior believes that they will reach heaven in God’s peace. This idea would no doubt be reflected through society as lines two hundred and five to two hundred and eight suggest that society acknowledges the bravest, a lord would expect his warriors to avenge his death or lose his life in the process. The church also played a major role as a buttress to the King’s legitimacy and power.

Water Assisted Injection Moulding: a Study on the Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Residual Wall Thickness and the Occurrence of Part Defects for Pa6.

KATHOLIEKE HOGESCHOOL LIMBURG Departement Industriele Wetenschappen en Technologie Water Assisted Injection Moulding: A Study on the Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Residual Wall Thickness and the Occurrence of Part Defects for PA6. Gielen Bjorn, Heynickx Lien, Van den Brink Dominique, Vandersteegen Jochen Water Assisted Injection Moulding: A Study on the Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Residual Wall Thickness and the Occurrence of Part Defects for PA6. Gielen Bjorn, Heynickx Lien, Van den Brink Dominique, Vandersteegen Jochen Received 7 March 2011 Abstract Although water assisted injection moulding is a relatively new and advanced technique to produce hollow parts, several problems which reduce the product quality can occur. Namely, water inclusions in the wall, severe fingering and double wall defects reduce the product part stiffness. This study investigated the effect of the process parameters water volume flow rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature on the part defects to obtain a better understanding of the formation of these part defects. The effect on the residual wall thickness and the weight of the products was also investigated. Three materials were used: two polyamides and one polypropylene as a reference. The experiments were carried out on an injection moulding machine equipped with a water-injection unit to produce hollow handles. The parts were weighed before and after drying, their wall thickness was measured and their percentage of defects was calculated in order to determine the influence of the processing parameters. IR images and pressure profiles ware also used to investigate possible detection methods for part defects. It was found that all the investigated parameters have a significant influence on the residual wall thickness and part defects. Their ‘ideal’ settings depend on the material and the desired properties since small wall thicknesses and few part defects do not always correspond. IR images can give an indication for the presence of defects, but the internal structure of the surface can not be examined using this technique. Key words: water assisted injection moulding, polyamide, processing parameters, residual wall thickness, fingering, double wall 1. 1. Introduction The development of the water assisted injection moulding (WAIM) technique has led to a breakthrough in the manufacturing of hollow or partly hollow plastic parts, which is not possible with the conventional injection moulding process [1] [2]. These hollow parts are characterised by the lighter weight of the products, relatively lower resin costs per part and less shrinkage and warpage compared to conventional moulded products [3]. Several techniques are available for the production of hollow parts. Two of the most important techniques for hollow parts are gas assisted injection moulding (GAIM) and water assisted injection moulding (WAIM). The principle of water assisted injection moulding is basically similar to gas assisted injection moulding, but the use of water has some interesting advantages over gas assisted injection moulding such as a shorter cycle time and an average smaller residual wall thickness of the products. This is due to the fact that the thermal conductivity and the heat capacity of water are respectively 40 and 4 times greater than those of gas [1], providing a better cooling of the part and therefore a faster production. Water assisted injection moulding is better to mould larger parts with a smaller residual wall thickness. Another advantage of water assisted injection moulding is the absence of the foaming phenomenon in the internal surface which can occur by using gas assisted injection moulding , since water does not dissolve or diffuse in the polymer melt during injection moulding. Disadvantages of water assisted injection moulding are part defects such as fingering and double wall arising in the internal surface. Also, the process is more complex so experience with conventional injection moulding is no guarantee for understanding water assisted injection moulding. The control f the process is much more critical, the design of the mould is more complicated and requires more knowledge of the dynamic interaction between the polymer and the filling water [4]. In addition, new water related processing parameters (water pressure, water injection delay time, water temperature, †¦ ) are involved and require proper adjustment [5]. The technology can be used to mould a large variety of polymers, includi ng glass fibre reinforced composites. Liu [6] reported the successful moulding of PP, PE, ABS and glass fibre filled polyamide 6 (PA6) composites with water assisted injection moulding. According to our investigation, few researchers have described the moulding of pure polyamide 6 with the water assisted injection moulding technique. By understanding the water assisted injection moulding process for this polymer, one is able to optimize the production and improve the product quality of PA6 parts. The water assisted injection moulding process can be applied in four variations [1] [6], which differ by the amount of injected polymer and introduction and evacuation of the water. In the short shot moulding process the cavity is first partially filled with polymer and in the next sequence, highly pressurised water is injected into the polymer core. The pressure is maintained during the cooling sequence to minimize the shrinkage and to further cool down the part. After cooling, the water is evacuated and the part is ejected. This technique is useful for thick parts, but the important limitation is the switchover mark on the surface [7]. This limitation can be eliminated by using the full shot moulding process in which the cavity is first completely filled with polymer. Next, the injection of water pushes the melt into a cavity positioned outside the cavity of the product. This overspill cavity arises by pulling back a core to enlarge the mould cavity for the overspill polymer which has to be removed from the product afterwards. Full shot moulding makes it possible to mould parts with a more uniform residual wall thickness through the end of the part in comparison to short shot moulded parts. Michaeli et al. [6] stated that the melt-push-back process is also capable to produce parts with a more uniform residual wall thickness distribution. In this process the water is injected in the reversed direction of the polymer injection and pushes the excess of melt back into the plasticizing unit. Finally, the core-pulling process uses a series of steel cores that are pulled back during water injection to increase the cavity volume and the product volume. This method produces parts with more uniform internal profiles in comparison to the former mentioned techniques. The investigated polymer, polyamide 6, is a semi-crystalline material that is classified as an engineering plastic. Beneficial properties of polyamide 6 over a wide range of temperatures and humidity are its high strength, high stiffness and toughness, good wear and abrasion resistance, low coefficient of friction and good chemical and electrical resistance [8], [9], [10], [11]. Further modification can be obtained by adding additives like fillers and plasticizers. Fillers achieve a better strength and stiffness, plasticizers cause higher toughness [12], [13]. Modification of the molecular weight has also a distinguishable influence on the polymer properties. The main drawback of polyamide 6 is the high moisture absorption affecting the rheological properties and deteriorating the processability. High moisture absorption causes part defects and results in a bad internal surface quality reducing the stiffness of the end product [14], [15], [16]. The absorbed water in the polymer has two important roles. Firstly, the water molecules act as plasticizers reducing the hydrogen bond interactions between the polyamide chains. Secondly, due to the hygroscopic nature of polyamide 6, the absorbed water influences the condensation reaction equilibrium depending on the initial moisture content [17], [18]. If the moisture content is less than prescribed thermodynamically, the reaction proceeds towards further condensation and an increase in molecular weight, increasing the viscosity exponentially. If the moisture content is higher than determined by the equilibrium, a hydrolysis reaction occurs. This causes a decrease in viscosity as well as degradation of the polymer. To properly process polyamide 6, the pellets are preferably dried to small moisture levels. Possible part defects that may occur in water assisted injection moulding are fingering and double wall. Liu and Lin [19], [20] investigated the problem of fingering in water assisted injection moulded composites. The fingering phenomenon comprises the non-uniformly penetration of water bubbles or steam into the polymer wall outside the designed water channels causing the formation of finger-shaped branches and small cavities in the polymer wall, which lead to a bad internal surface quality and a reduced part stiffness of the end product. Fingering depends on the dimension of the part: thick parts usually exhibit less fingering pattern than thin parts. Three factors might affect the formation of fingering. The first one is shrinkage of the polymer during cooling. During post-filling, the polymer undergoes volumetric shrinkage allowing water to penetrate into the parts. The more the polymer shrinks, the more water will penetrate into the part and causes fingering. However, this statement is in contradiction with the statement that thick parts exhibit less fingering, so research is necessary to investigate which conclusion is relevant for PA6. Shrinkage also depends on the crystallinity of the polymer. PA6 is a crystalline polymer and thus expected to show more shrinkage than an amorphous polymer. Also, water injection moulded parts show more fingering than gas injection moulded parts since water has a higher cooling capacity than gas and has a higher cooling rate of the polymer. This leads to a greater non-uniform temperature distribution in the polymer material which worsens the uniformity of water penetration inside the parts, resulting in fingering [20]. This is equal to the statement that more shrinkage leads to more fingering. The second factor is the viscosity of the polymer melt. During water injection, water follows the path with the least resistance. While the water enters into the mould cavity, it cools the polymer melt and increases the viscosity. It then becomes more difficult for the water to penetrate into the core of the parts. The third factor is the flow resistance in the channel and in the polymer. The higher the flow resistance in the channel and the lower the flow resistance in the polymer, the more water fingering will be induced. The researchers [19] concluded that water fingering worsens when a combination of a higher water pressure, a smaller melt short shot size and a shorter water injection delay time is used. Other parameters which need to be paid attention to are the temperatures of the melt, the mould and the water. Increasing these parameters decreases the cooling rate and the viscosity and results in more fingering because it is easier for water to penetrate in the part. Another possible part defect in water assisted injection moulding is double wall [22]. Double wall is the appearance of a second polymer wall inside the hollow product which deforms the wall significantly. During the water hold time water inclusions develop in the wall. The double wall is caused by the pressure drop after the water hold time. The water in the inclusions becomes steam and expands the internal material surface causing a second wall in the polymer. Two important parameters are responsible for the forming of double wall. The first parameter is the water hold time which should be minimized in order to eliminate double wall. Increasing the water hold time compensates the shrinkage in the wall but enlarge the water inclusions in the wall worsening the double wall. The second parameter is the volume flow rate. Increasing the volume flow rate causes more double wall because more water penetrates in the polymer forming water inclusions which expand into double walls after the water hold time. There is not much known about the phenomenon of double wall. A lot of investigators do not even make a difference between fingering and double wall and characterize it as the same part defect. Hollow parts are mainly characterized by their residual wall thickness that should be minimized in order to obtain a good product quality with minimal defects. A decline in wall thickness is mainly obtained by choosing water assisted injection moulding instead of gas assisted injection moulding [4]. However, Michaeli et al. [22] concluded that in some cases gas assisted injection moulding yields parts with a smaller residual wall thickness. Several process settings can be applied for water assisted injection moulding, each having an influence on the residual wall thickness. Huang and Deng [23] concluded that besides the short shot size there are two other main parameters affecting the residual wall thickness in polypropylene samples. The first parameter is the melt temperature. Increasing the melt temperature leads to reduction of the solidified layer thickness and thus to a decrease in wall thickness. The second parameter is the water injection delay time. When increasing the water injection delay time, the residual wall thickness exhibits an increment because the solidified layer of the melt becomes thicker. Liu and Wu [24] researched the effect of the injection pin on the residual wall thickness distribution. In their research they concluded that a pin consisting of a sintered porous surface can mould large parts with a more uniform residual wall thickness distribution. Application of this high flow rate pin could significantly improve the product quality in terms of smaller wall thickness. The non-uniformity of the residual wall thickness distribution usually occurring in curved product sections, was found to be less in water assisted injection moulded parts than in gas assisted injection moulded parts. Fluids try to follow the path with the least resistance; this is the shortest path. However, water has a higher mass inertion than gas and therefore gives a better concentricity of the residual wall thickness over a cross-section. The uniformity of the residual wall thickness could be improved by adopting different mould temperatures [25]. In order to mould PA6 parts with high product quality using WAIM, one has to apply the optimal settings to reduce the part defects (fingering and double wall) and decline the residual wall thickness. The water injection delay time influences fingering and the residual wall thickness. A shorter water injection delay time causes a smaller residual wall thickness but results in more fingering [19] [23]. The water volume flow rate is an important parameter on fingering, double wall and the residual wall thickness. A higher water volume flow rate gives a smaller residual wall thickness but more fingering and double wall [21]. The melt temperature has an influence on fingering and the residual wall thickness. Increasing the melt temperature leads to a smaller residual wall thickness but to more fingering [19] [20] [23]. Further experiments in this research focuses on the influence of the water injection delay time, the water volume flow rate and the melt temperature on the residual wall thickness and the occurrence of part defects for PA6, using a design of experiments. 2. Experimental procedure 2. 1 Materials To investigate the residual wall thickness and part defects like water inclusions, fingering and double wall of water assisted injection moulded products, two polyamides (PA F223-D and PA F130-E1 from DSM) and a polypropylene (PP 400-GA05 from Ineos) were used. The melting and crystallization temperature of the materials were measured with differential scanning calorimetry (TA Instruments 2920 CE). The viscosity was measured with a capillary rheometer (CEAST Smart Rheo 2000 twin bore). The complex viscosity, storage and loss modulus were measured with a parallel plates rheometer (AERES strain controlled rheometer). The measurements show that the zero-shear viscosity of the polypropylene is higher than those of the polyamides. PA F223-D has a higher zero-shear viscosity than PA F130-E1. This indicates that the molecular weight is higher for polypropylene than for PA F223-D and that PA F130-E1 has the lowest molecular weight. The decrease in viscosity at higher shear rates occurs at lower frequencies for polypropylene in comparison with the polyamides. This indicates a higher molecular weight distribution for polypropylene than polyamide. PA F223-D has a higher molecular weight distribution than PA F130-E1. . 2 Moulded parts The part that is moulded for this experiment is displayed in figure 1. It contains four curved sections varying in radius of curvature. The polymer and water enter the cavity at the bottom side. Water enters when a movable injector is pushed forward and a core at the end of the part is pulled allowing the polymer to be removed out of the inner core of the part. Figure 1: moul ded part containing four curved sections 2. 3 Equipment The injection moulding was executed with an Engel 80-ton injection moulding machine ES 330H/80V/80HL-2F. The dimensions of the machine are 4,80 m x 2,22m x 2m. The single screw diameter is 50 mm and the plastification unit can operate with a maximum injection rate of 152 cm? /s. A volume flow rate controlled water injection unit brings the water into the mould. It can operate with a maximum water volume flow rate of 30 l/min, delivered by a maximum pressure of 200 bar. During the tests a maximum pressure of 160 bar was applied. Three pressure sensors type Priamus are localized in the mould. An IR-camera type FLIR is used to observe the temperature distribution over the produced handles after moulding. The IR-images were used to compare with the internal section to discover the cause of part defects, because water in the product gives lower temperatures on the IR-image. The dried hollow polymer handles are sawed in lengthwise direction with a band saw. The band saw is type Metabo bas 260 swift. After sawing the hollow polymer handles, the internal section were scanned with a scanner type Cannon FG17500. A metric software 8. 01 plus was applied to analyze the surface quality of the polymer. With the aid of the software, the surface area of the wall and the part defects can be determined. . 4 Method DOE procedure The experiment investigated four processing parameters that were selected after a preliminary literature study, assuming these will have a significant influence on the residual wall thickness and part defects. These parameters are the water volume flow rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. Using the design of experiments approach, each parameter was measured on a low and high setting; making this a 23 experiment. In addition three centre points were measured bringing the total number of experiments to 11 for each material. Response functions were constructed for residual wall thickness, weight and defects. The significance of each parameter was checked by comparing its effect to the deviation of the centre points, neglecting the parameter if its effect is smaller than the centre point deviation. Experimental procedure After steady state was reached, five shots were produced for each setting of water volume flow rate, water injection delay time, melt temperature. For each last shot of an experiment, a print screen of the pressure evolution and an IR-image was taken. During the process the following parameters were measured: * real injection time; * absolute shot volume; * real cushion; * flow number. After moulding, the parts were dried with compressed air to remove water of the inner- and outer surface of the product. Then the injection side of the product was removed and both halves were weighed. The sawed injection product was controlled on the presence of defects giving a first indication of the quality of the product. Afterwards the handle was dried in a furnace for 44 hours on 90  °C. After drying, the handles were weighed again obtaining the weight of the water inclusions in the product wall. Three representative handles were sawed in lengthwise direction and the breams were removed. The handles were scanned to determine the residual wall thickness and the percentages of defects like water inclusions, fingering and double wall. Table 1: Processing variables and settings used for the experiments | A| B| C| Process parameters| Water volume flow rate (l/min)| Water injection delay time (s)| Melt temperature ( °C)| -1| 10| 1,5| 240| 0| 20| 5| 260| 1| 30| 8,5| 280| A| B| C| Experiment| Water volume flow rate (l/min)| Water injection delay time (s)| Melt temperature ( °C)| 1| 20| 5| 260| 2| 10| 1,5| 240| 3| 30| 8,5| 240| 4| 30| 1,5| 240| 5| 10| 8,5| 240| 6| 20| 5| 260| 7| 30| 8,5| 280| 8| 10| 1,5| 280| 9| 10| 8,5| 280| 10| 30| 1,5| 280| 11| 20| 5| 260| Table 2:Experiment schedule for parameter settings The part defects are calculated as follows: The parameters whic h have an influence on the product quality are the water volume flow rate, the water injection delay time and the melt temperature. The tested parameter settings are presented in table 1. A code using -1 for low, 0 for center point and 1 for high setting is applied. The combination of parameter settings (Table 2) are determined using design of experiments. Using the design of experiments method makes is possible to obtain a better understanding of the formation of the defects and the influence of the processing parameters. Eventually a moulding window will e determined in which the defects are minimized. 2 Results and discussion 3. 1 Effect of water volume flow rate Figure 2 shows the effect of the water volume flow rate on the residual wall thickness and the product defects. Following paragraphs discuss these diagrams. Influence on the residual wall thickness and product weight Considering the residual wall thickness, polypropylene has a smaller residual wall thickness than the residual wall thickness of polyamide for all experiments. Polypropylene has a higher molecular mass, causing a wider water flow front. The higher molecular weight distribution (MWD) of PP causes a block velocity profile of the water resulting in a higher velocity on the polymer- water interface. The higher velocity causes a higher shearing and consequently a lower viscosity, resulting in a higher removal. This results both in a smaller residual wall thickness and a lower part weight. The density of polypropylene is lower compared to compared to the density of polyamide, which is also an explanation for the lower weight of product. Regarding the product weight and the residual wall thickness, the two polyamides do not differ much and correspond to each other. This is probably due to the small difference in molecular mass and molecular weight distribution. Figure 2: Effects of water volume flow rate on water inclusions, residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall The residual wall thickness of polyamide seems not to be significantly affected by the water volume flow rate. Polypropylene however, tends to increase in residual wall thickness by application of a lower water volume flow rate. These results correspond to the suggestion that a higher water volume flow rate gives a smaller residual wall thickness, as was found in preliminary literature study. In general a material with a high MWD, like PP, will be more influenced by the flow rate than other materials like polyamides. Influence on water inclusions In general the water inclusions tend to decline when the water flow rate increases. A higher flow rate provides more shearing, giving a lower viscosity. The water can easily remove the internal polymer and does not penetrate into the walls of the polymer. PP completely corresponds to this theory, but the polyamides show an irregularity during high flow rates. this can be explained by the strong variations in injection time and a chance in the water flow profile to a profile called recirculation flow. It pushes the water into the walls causing an increase in water inclusions. The strong variations that occur with PP are probably caused by its high MWD. This property also played an important role regarding the RWT. Influence on fingering Fingering is probably caused by differential shrinkage, making a material with a high degree of crystallization like polypropylene vulnerable to this defect. The defect diminishes at high flow rates where the wall thickness is smaller, making it more difficult for polypropylene to shrink and for fingering to occur. PA F130-E1 exhibits a low variation in fingering in comparison to the other materials. This material is not in its area of shear tinning when working with low flow rates, resulting in a constant viscosity and residual wall thickness. Because of this low variation in RWT and corresponding shrinkage with changing flow rate the effect of the flow rate will be very small. In general materials with a high MWD and MM like PP show more fingering than materials with low MWD and MM like PA F130E1. PA F223D will take a intermediate position taking into account that its centre point is not completely representative. This trend for fingering is visible for all parameters. Influence on double wall The influence of the flow rate shows an overall optimum profile. Low and high flow rates cause more double wall than an intermediate setting. A first theory relates this effect to the pressure inside the part. Low flow rates exert low pressure on the polymer melt and the polymer will not form a rigid layer, making it possible for the water to penetrate into the polymer walls. High flow rates cause high pressures inside the part forcing the water into the walls. The second theory is based on the tendency of water to follow the ath of least resistance and can only explain the effect with low flow rates. The low rate will cause almost no shear stress inside the polymer so it will not reach the shear tinning area. The polymer will not easily be pushed back by the water and the water will penetrate the walls where the resistance is much lower. The effect of the water volume flow rate on double wall is the same as for water inclusions, which is explained by the rel ation between water inclusions and double wall. Water inclusions can grow during the water hold time, collapsing into double walls in the product after pressure removal. The higher double wall defects for PAF130-E1 in comparison to PA F223-D are probably caused by the difference in molecular mass. PA F130-E1 has a lower molecular mass and thus a less viscous melt resulting in a more easily penetrable material. Another noticeable result is that of the investigated materials, PA F223-D shows high part defects but relatively the smallest double wall defects. PP, the material with the highest MM shows more double wall at high flow rates for which no explanation can be found. 3. 2 Effect of the water injection delay time Figure 3 shows the effect of the water injection delay time on the residual wall thickness and the product defects. Following paragraphs discuss these diagrams. Influence on the residual wall thickness and product weight A shorter water injection delay time causes a decline in the residual wall thickness and weight of product for polyamide and polypropylene, as was predicted by literature. When the water injection delay time is short, the polymer is still hot and has a low viscosity, giving the water the opportunity to hollow out the polymer more. A higher water injection delay time causes a higher residual wall thickness and weight of product because the melt viscosity increases. The residual wall thickness is higher for polyamide than for polypropylene, for the same reasons as discussed under the previous paragraph. Influence on water inclusions An increase in delay time is accompanied by an increase in viscosity that makes it more difficult for the water to penetrate into the walls. However, if the viscosity is too high, the water can also be forced into the walls, which explains the slight increase in water inclusions for PP 400-GA05 and PA F130-E1. Figure 3: Effects of the water injection delay time on water inclusions, residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall The strong decrease in water inclusions that occurs with polypropylene is caused by the high heat capacity of this material making it cool down faster than the polyamides and increasing its viscosity faster. PA F130-E1 shows less defects in comparison with PA F223-D, probably caused by its strong temperature related viscosity. During the delay time the viscosity strongly increases, making it more difficult for the water to penetrate. Influence on fingering Increasing the delay time increases the residual wall thickness and should result in a higher chance of fingering. In general this trend can be observed from the diagrams. More fingering occurs within PP 400 GA05 caused by its higher degree of crystallization. Furthermore, this polymer is processed at much higher temperatures than its melting point, leading to further shrinkage and corresponding fingering. The presence of defects during processing with long delay times is caused by a greater residual wall thickness, which leads to more differential shrinkage. Processing with short delay times increases the presence even further, but no plausible statement can explain this. Therefore further research will be necessary. The results for the centre point of PA F223-D are probably not representative, since it is based on a single experiment of three shots. Influence on double wall The water injection delay time shows an overall optimum profile, which can be related to the shift of the rigidity in time, caused by the temperature drop over time. Production with a short delay time will push water inside the low viscosity polymer which makes it easy for the water to penetrate. Increasing the delay time also increases the viscosity and thus the rigidity of the polymer making it harder to penetrate the walls. However, if the viscosity is too high, the water will also be forced into the walls. PA F130-E1 shows more double wall because its viscosity is highly temperature related. Longer delay times will lead to larger temperature drops and a corresponding increase in viscosity. 3. 3 Effect of the melt temperature Figure 4 shows the effect of the melt temperature on the residual wall thickness and the product defects. Following paragraphs discuss these diagrams. Influence on the residual wall thickness and weight of product Considering the residual wall thickness, polypropylene has a lower residual wall thickness and weight of product compared with polyamide for all experiments. This might be due to the higher molecular weight and the higher molecular weight distribution of polypropylene. The higher molecular weight distribution shows a square blocked velocity profile causing a higher velocity on the wall and a higher shearing. This results in a lower viscosity and therefore more removal of the polymer decreasing the residual wall thickness and weight of product. PA F130-E1 and PA F223-D are quite similar and do not differ much in residual wall thickness and weight of product. Increasing the melt temperature leads to a smaller residual wall thickness as was suggested by literature, because a higher melt temperature makes the polymer less viscous so more polymer can be removed by the water. The residual wall thickness of PP decreases from 240 °C to 260 °C but increases to 280 °C. The increase of the melt temperature is difficult to explain and is possible a unreliable point. In fact, also for polypropylene a decreasing tendency is remarkable. Influence on water inclusions There is a trend towards higher water inclusions when a higher melt temperature is applied. This parameter thus shows the opposite effect of the delay time. PA F130-E1 differs from the other materials, probably due to the strong variations in injection time during production. Furthermore this polymer shows a lot of internal heating (viscous heating) when Figure 4: Effects of the melt temperature time on water inclusions, residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall high pressure is exerted, leading to a drop in viscosity. This effect usually appears in combination with low melt temperatures where the polymer has a lot of pressure to bear. So low temperatures will lead to viscous heating and therefore to high intern temperatures. The water can then easily enter the walls of the polymer due to the lower vicosity. Influence on fingering When processing the material at low temperatures, the material will have to shrink less and thus less fingering will occur. This trend is clearly visible for the polyamides, taken into account that the centre point of PA F223-D is not representative. In fact, the effects should show an opposite effect from the delay time, but this is not clearly noticeable. Further research will be necessary to explain these irregularities. Influence on double wall A higher melt temperature causes an overall increase in double wall defects for all three materials. This effect is related to the viscosity of the polymer which varies with temperature. High temperatures will lead to a decrease in viscosity making the polymer more penetrable for water. Another theory is based on the water flow profile inside the polymer. Higher temperatures usually correspond to smaller residual wall thicknesses changing the flow profile into a recirculation flow where water will be pulled into the walls. 3. 4 Comparison results of response functions and graphical tendencies Table 3 gives an overview of the best parameter settings to reduce each part defect and the total defects for each material, comparing the results of a response function (before /) and the graphics in figure 1/2/3 (after /). The response functions were constructed using the design of experiments method. Regarding the defects, only one response function was made which ncludes both fingering and double wall. Ideal settings according to response functions Using the response functions several conclusions can be made for the ideal settings of the parameters. A high water injection delay time creates less water inclusions in both polyamides. In addition, the polyamides show the same optimal settings of all parameters for the residual wall thickness. A low water volume flow rate is beneficial for the reduction of the residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall. Other settings conflict to give minimal part defects in polyamide. In general, PA F223-D has minimal part defects for a low water volume flow rate, a high water injection delay time, and a low melt temperature. PA F130-E1 requires a low water volume flow rate as well, but a low water injection delay time and a high melt temperature. The optimal settings for the minimal percentage water inclusions, fingering and double wall are highly contradictory for polyamide and polypropylene. PP 400-GA05 requires a high water volume flow rate for a smaller residual wall thickness but the other parameters have the same optimal settings for the residual wall thickness as polyamide 6. The water volume flow rate and the water injection delay time do not influence fingering and double wall significantly, so no conclusions can be made for these settings to obtain minimal fingering and double wall. If also the water inclusions and the residual wall thickness are taken into account, PP400-GA05 shows minimal part defects for a high water volume flow rate, a low water injection delay time and a low melt temperature. There can be concluded that for all three materials the best parameter settings for residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall are not the same. Since other effects may probably have an influence on the materials, further investigation will be necessary. Ideal settings according to previous diagrams The following best parameter setting are based on the previous graphics. Regarding the residual wall thickness, the best parameters for PP and PA F130D are an intermediate water flow rate, a low water injection delay time and a high melt temperature. For PA 223D, a low water flow rate is required and the other parameters are the same. For fingering, a high water volume rate, an intermediate water injection delay time and melt temperature give the best results for PP. PA F223D gives the best results for a low water volume flow rate and water injection delay time and an intermediate melt temperature. PA F130E1 in contrary, the best parameters setting are a high water volume flow rate and a low water injection delay time and melt temperature. The parameters setting are different for the three materials and show a lot of irregularities. Considering double wall, the best parameter settings are a low water flow rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. For both polyamides the best parameter setting are equal, an intermediate water flow rate, delay time and melt temperature. For the water inclusions, the best results were observed for a high water volume rate and an intermediate water delay time and melt temperature. PA F223D shows less water inclusions when an intermediate flow rate, a low delay time and in intermediate melt temperature is used. PA F130E1 in contrary gives the best results for a intermediate flow rate and delay time and a low melt temperature. Ideal settings for PA F223-D| | Optimal setting| Response factor| Target figure| Water volume flow rate| Water injection delay time| Melt temperature| Water inclusions| Low| High/High| High/High| Low/Low| Residual wall thickness| Low| Low/High| Low/Low| High/High| Fingering and double wall| Low| Low/High| High/Low| Low/Low| Total| | Low/High| High/Low| Low/Low| Table 3: Overview of ideal settings for the materials for each part defect Ideal settings for PA F130-E1| | Optimal setting| Response factor| Target figure| Water volume flow rate| Water injection delay time| Melt temperature| Water inclusions| Low| Low/High| High/High| High/Low| Residual wall thickness| Low| Low/High| Low/Low| High/High| Fingering and double wall| Low| Low/High| Low/Low| Low/Low| Total| | Low/High| Low/Low| High/Low| Ideal settings for PP 400-GA05| | Optimal setting| Response factor| Target figure| Water volume flow rate| Water injection delay time| Melt temperature| Water inclusions| Low| High/High| Low/High| High/Low| Residual wall thickness| Low| High/High| Low/Low| Low/High| Fingering and double wall| Low| -/High| -/Low| Low/Low| Total| | High/High| Low/Low| Low/Low| Once again, here can be concluded that the best parameter settings for residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall are not the same. Since other effects may probably have an influence on the materials, further investigation is necessary. . 5 Detection of part defects 3. 5. 1 IR-images IR images were tested if they can be used to obtain an indication of the quality of the product. This could be an important tool during production as it can deliver information about the internal structure without damaging the part. It was found that a uniform heat distribution in the part usually corresponds to few defects in the walls. The polymer equally shrinks and cools, causing no stress in the walls which could lead to defects. Figure 5 shows the section and an infrared image of a hollow part from PP 400-GA05 without defects. The corresponding IR picture shows no significant Figure 6: Scan and IR image of PP 400-GA05 product with defects irregularities in the heat distribution. The areas where the part has a higher or lower Figure 5: Scan and IR image of PP 400-GA05 product without defects temperature than the bulk are caused by respectively larger and smaller residual wall thicknesses. Small defects like fingering can occur where colder areas are completely surrounded by larger hot material making it isolated cold regions. If the cold area is gradually spread throughout the part and is therefore no isolated region, fingering is often not present. The isolated colder regions are most likely filled with water which provides more efficient cooling than the rest of the part, resulting in uneven shrinkage and corresponding fingering cavities. Large defects like double wall are often present where a relative large cold area spreads throughout the complete section and is surrounded by hot material. These defects are also likely to occur in regions with higher temperature than the rest of the part. However, the latter can also correspond with a larger residual wall thickness and is thus not conclusive for the presence of double wall defects. Figure 6 shows a part with double wall defects and the corresponding infrared image where the isolated hot (white) and cold areas (yellow) are indicated. The texture of the internal surface can not be judged with an infrared image. PA F130-E1 tends to show a rougher surface in regions with a much lower temperature, but not all parts share this conclusion. Within the other materials a rough surface does not corresponds with lower temperature areas thus the infrared does not delivers clear information about this property. 3. 5. 2 Pressure and injection rate profiles The pressure profiles and the injection rate during the injection of the melt can be used to declare some of the defects shown in the different polymer samples. The injection rate was set on 45 mm/sec and the maximum feasible pressure of the WAIM equipment was 160 bar. For the polyamides, this maximum pressure was exceeded in some cases during filling of the mould. This caused a temporary reduction of the injection rate and possibly some of the part defects of polyamide. Polypropylene does not show this trend because it has a lower flow number than PA. Figure 7 shows an example of this phenomenon in PA F223-D. In general it can be concluded that when the temperature increases the measured pressure and the flow number decrease. This reduction in pressure can be explained by the fact that the viscosity of the material will be lower at a higher temperature, so the polymer can flow easier and less pressure has to be applied. However it is not guaranteed that an irregularity in the injection profile of the polymer results in problems during water injection. This experiment was to limited to make clear conclusions about this effect. Figure 7: Pressure and injection rate profile for PA F223-D (green=pressure, blue=injection rate) 4. Conclusions 4. 1 General This report has studied the influence of melt and processing parameters on the residual wall thickness and the occurrence of part defects of PA6 parts produced with water assisted injection moulding. The study examined two polyamides (PA F223D, PA F130E1) and polypropylene 400 GA05 that was used as a reference material. According to a design of experiments, the water volume flow rate, the water injection delay time and the melt temperature are the investigated processing parameters. The water volume flow rate settings are 10, 20 and 30 l/min, the injection delay time settings are 1,5s, 5s and 8,5s and the melt temperature settings are 240 °C, 260 °C and 280 °C. It was found that the residual wall thickness showed a large distribution for all three materials, even for shots from a single experiment and therefore an extra analysis was made on the weight of the products. The product weight can give an indication for the wall thickness as a low weight usually corresponds to small thicknesses. Based on this theory it was found that the water volume flow rate has little influence on the weight and wall thickness. A larger delay time increases the viscosity of the polymer and leads to higher weight and a larger wall thickness. The melt temperature has the opposite effect, decreasing the viscosity at higher temperatures and therefore decreasing the wall thickness and weight. PP has a lower weight comparing with the two polyamides. This can be explained that PP has a higher molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. A higher molecular weight gives a parabolic velocity profile and a higher molecular weight distribution shows a square blocked velocity profile causing a higher velocity located on the wall. The higher velocity causes a higher shearing giving a lower viscosity. This results in more removal of the polymer and the residual wall thickness decreases. In fact, a lower residual wall thickness exhibits a lower weight of product. The water inclusions for the three materials tend to decline when the water flow rate increases although PP shows some irregularities. The delay time has an overall optimum profile. Intermediate settings exhibit less inclusions in comparison to other settings. The melt temperature has the opposite effect of the delay time so more water inclusions occur when higher temperatures are applied. Other defects like fingering and double wall are also influenced by the investigated processing parameters. The water flow rate shows an optimum profile for double wall, so an intermediate setting will yield the best results. For fingering the three materials all act in a different way to the flow rate. An optimum profile also occurs for double wall when the delay time is investigated. In general, fingering increases when the delay time increases, but the materials show a lot of irregularities. An increase in melt temperature causes an overall increase of fingering and double wall. Comparing PA6 and PP, PP shows an overall smaller residual wall thickness than PA6, but on average the same percentage of part defects. This means that a reduction in residual wall thickness does not influence the product quality for part defects positively. When comparing the different polyamides 6, the investigated low viscosity polyamide 6 PA F223-D show less water inclusions and fingering but more double wall than the medium viscosity polyamide 6 PA F130-D. The best choice for a polyamide depends on the relative importance of the negative influence of each part defect on the product quality. This is discussed in detail in the next paragraph. To get an indication of the quality of the product IR images can be used. It was found that a uniform heat distribution corresponds to few defects and irregularities point to the presence of defects like fingering or double wall. The internal texture of the surface can not be examined with IR. This study concludes that the investigated parameters have a significant influence on the presence of part defects and on the residual wall thickness. However, there are still irregularities in the results of the fingering phenomenon that can not be explained yet with the current knowledge of the water assisted injection moulding process. Therefore further analysis will be necessary to examine this part defect. Further research can be done by expanding the design of experiments and by producing more shots for each experiment. Producing more than three shots of each experiment should give more corresponding results, because the standard deviation of three shots is usually high. 4. 2 Selection of the material for WAIM Three materials were used in this experiment namely PA F223D, PA F130E1 and PP as reference. The residual wall thickness, weight of product, water inclusions and part defects like fingering and double wall must be compared with each other to choose the best material. This by varying the selected parameters like water volume rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. PP has in general the lowest weight of product and residual wall thickness for the three investigated parameters: water volume rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. As a result of a smaller residual wall thickness, PP has the lowest weight of product. Considering the water inclusions a decreasing tendency is obtained when a higher water volume flow rate and water injection delay time is used. There is a trend toward higher water inclusions when higher melt temperature are applied. Regarding to fingering and double wall, an opposite effect is noticeable. Increasing the water volume rate and water injection delay time gives a decreasing fingering tendency but more double wall effects. For a higher melt temperature, an increase of fingering and double wall is observed. PA F130E1 and PA F223D are quiet similar to each other in weight of product and residual wall thickness. For the weight of product PA F130E1 and PA F223D correspond to each other and for the residual wall thickness they do not differ much for all three investigated parameters. Regarding the water inclusions, both polyamides decline when water the flow rate increases. The highest flow rate provides more shearing and therefore a lower viscosity resulting in more water inclusions. Increasing the water injection delay time leads to lower water inclusions because the viscosity increases which makes it more difficult for water to penetrate into the walls. When higher melt temperatures are applied, results in a trend towards higher water inclusions because of the lower viscosity. In general, PA F223D shows more water inclusions comparing with PA F130E1 for the water volume flow rate, water injection delay time and the melt temperature. Considering fingering and double wall, different results were observed for the two polyamides. In general it is remarkable that PA F223D shows more fingering then PA F130E1 while PA F130E1 gives more double wall then PA F223D and this for the three investigated parameters. For the water volume flow rate, the polyamides act in different ways towards fingering. Although, for double wall the flow rate shows an optimum for the polyamides so an intermediate setting gives the best results. When the water injection delay time increases there is also an increasing tendency of fingering observed but the materials show a lot of irregularities. Increasing the melt temperature gives an increase of fingering and double wall as well. In this investigation can be concluded that both polyamides have their advantages and disadvantages. A selection of the best polyamide depends on which effect is undesirable. The residual wall thickness are the same for the two polyamides. PA F223D shows more water inclusions and fingering for all investigated parameters. However, PA F223D shows less double wall and therefore the best results. PA F130E1 in contrary gives more double wall effects but less fingering and water inclusions. In fact, PA F223D is preferred when double wall must be reduced and PA F130E1 is preferred when fingering and water inclusions must be reduced. Further investigation is necessary on another type of polyamide which improves the product quality using WAIM. 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